References

Allaire, JJ, Yihui Xie, Christophe Dervieux, Jonathan McPherson, Javier Luraschi, Kevin Ushey, Aron Atkins, et al. 2024. Rmarkdown: Dynamic Documents for r. https://github.com/rstudio/rmarkdown.
BC Ministry of Environment. 2021. “Fish Inventories Data Queries.” 2021. http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/fidq/viewWatershedDictionary.do.
Bell, M. C. 1991. “Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria.” https://www.fs.fed.us/biology/nsaec/fishxing/fplibrary/Bell_1991_Fisheries_handbook_of_engineering_requirements_and.pdf.
Bourne, Christina, Dan Kehler, Yolanda Wiersma, and David Cote. 2011. “Barriers to Fish Passage and Barriers to Fish Passage Assessments: The Impact of Assessment Methods and Assumptions on Barrier Identification and Quantification of Watershed Connectivity.” Aquatic Ecology 45: 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-011-9362-z.
Bramblett, Robert, Mason Bryant, Brenda Wright, and Robert White. 2002. “Seasonal Use of Small Tributary and Main-Stem Habitats by Juvenile Steelhead, Coho Salmon, and Dolly Varden in a Southeastern Alaska Drainage Basin.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131: 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0498:SUOSTA>2.0.CO;2.
Busch, D.Shallin, Mindi Sheer, Kelly Burnett, Paul McElhany, and Tom Cooney. 2013. “Landscape-Level Model to Predict Spawning Habitat For Lower Columbia River Fall Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ): Intrinsic Potential Model for Spawning Fall Chinook Salmon.” River Research and Applications 29 (3): 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1597.
Bustard, David, and ssociates Ltd. 1999. “Stream Inventory Owen Creek Watershed 1998.” http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/documents/r3189/finalreport_1123266138656_9957d84b557b40fe84fbab26f1511fa6.pdf.
Bustard, D, and C Schell. 2002. “Conserving Morice Watershed Fish Populations and Their Habitat.” Community Futures Development Corporation of Nadina. https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/315091.pdf.
Casselman, J, and D Stanley. 2010. “Bulkley/Fulton Watershed Fish Passage Culvert Assessment Program.” 2010. http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/acat/documents/r24143/8094011_Final_Report_Part_1328571584158_0bd68c842ee1398fde7c7fe754a7643122e5cb4e7c79ddd8436406d529bd7151.pdf.
Clarkin, K, A Connor, M Furniss, B Gubernick, M Love, K Moynan, and S WilsonMusser. 2005. “National Inventory and Assessment Procedure For Identifying Barriers to Aquatic Organism Passage at Road-Stream Crossings.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program. https://www.fs.fed.us/biology/nsaec/fishxing/publications/PDFs/NIAP.pdf.
Cooney, Thomas, and Damon Holzer. 2006. “Appendix C: Interior Columbia Basin Stream Type Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Populations: Habitat Intrinsic Potential Analysis,” 21.
Cote, David, P Frampton, M Langdon, and R Collier. 2005. Fish Passage and Stream Habitat Restoration in Terra Nova National Park Highway Culverts.
DFO. 1991. “Fish Habitat Inventory and Information Program.” Stream Summary Catalogue. Subdistrict 4D Smithers, Valume 2. Vanvouver, B.C.: Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO). https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/3d44aae6-5785-42d5-8c13-5e1fddb567a7/resource/d5cbda12-d373-4cd8-85c0-5d831eeea1a5/download/fish_habitat_inventory_info_program_stream_summary_catalogue.pdf.
DFO/FLNRO. 2019a. “Water Temperature Data: Buck Creek Above Bridge 1 - Skeena Salmon Data Catalogue.” 2019. https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/water-temperature-monitoring-data-buck-creek-above-bridge.
———. 2019b. “Water Temperature Data: McQuarrie Creek Above Hwy 16 - Skeena Salmon Data Catalogue.” 2019. https://data.skeenasalmon.info/no/dataset/water-temperature-monitoring-data-lower-mcquarrie-creek.
———. 2019c. “Water Temperature Data: McQuarrie Creek Above North Rd - Skeena Salmon Data Catalogue.” 2019. https://data.skeenasalmon.info/ca/dataset/water-temperature-monitoring-data-mcquarrie-creek-at-north-rd.
Diebel, M. W., M. Fedora, S. Cogswell, and J. R. O’Hanley. 2015. “Effects of Road Crossings on Habitat Connectivity for Stream-Resident Fish: STREAM-RESIDENT FISH HABITAT CONNECTIVITY.” River Research and Applications 31 (10): 1251–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2822.
Donas, Brenda, and Natalie Newman. 2006. “Bulkley River Watershed Overwintering Study 2005 - 2006.” https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/514a5b48-aa8b-41b7-9d08-99666d91c8ad/resource/e293d7b4-fe2d-4b4c-a1b4-e277d94df889/download/upper-bulkley-overwintering-study-donas-newman-2005-06.pdf.
———. 2007. “Bulkley River Watershed Overwintering Study 2006 - 2007.” https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/514a5b48-aa8b-41b7-9d08-99666d91c8ad/resource/b02f4709-9a53-4382-a3da-1c25e11b8c8f/download/bulkley_river_watershed_overwintering_study_2006-2007.pdf.
———. 2008. “Bulkley River Watershed Overwintering Study 2007 - 2008.” 2008. https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/514a5b48-aa8b-41b7-9d08-99666d91c8ad/resource/ef022862-69c8-4a0f-a2c6-78a89a719327/download/upper-bulkley-overwintering-study-donas-newman-2007-08.pdf.
———. 2010. “Bulkley River Watershed Overwintering Study 2009 - 2010.” https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/514a5b48-aa8b-41b7-9d08-99666d91c8ad/resource/c2efd020-15b8-465c-ac4b-b6c902a0f350/download/upper-bulkley-overwintering-donas-newman-2009-10.pdf.
ECCC. 2016. Climate Data and Scenarios for Canada: Synthesis of Recent Observation and Modelling Results. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). http://proxy.library.carleton.ca/loginurl=https://www.deslibris.ca/ID/10066004.
Environment, and limate Change Canada. 2021. “National Water Data Archive: HYDAT.” Service description. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). 2021. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/monitoring/survey/data-products-services/national-archive-hydat.html.
FINS Consulting. 2014. “2014 Stream Assessment for Select Areas and Road Crossings Within Nadina Forest District.” 2014. https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/public/viewReport.do?reportId=51782.
Fish Passage Technical Working Group. 2011. “A Checklist for Fish Habitat Confirmation Prior to the Rehabilitation Fo a Stream Crossing.” https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/land-based-investment/forests-for-tomorrow/checklist-for-fish-habitat-confirmation-201112.pdf.
———. 2014. “Fish Passage Strategic Approach: Protocl for Prioritizing Sites for Fish Passage Remediation.” https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/fish-fish-habitat/fish-passage/strategic20approach20july202014.pdf.
FLNRO. 2013a. “Bulkley River Angling Management Plan.” Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/fish/guide/docs/amp/skeena-amp-bulkley-river.pdf.
———. 2013b. “Overview of Angling Management Plans for the Skeena Watershed.” Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/skeena/fish/AMPs/Context_AMP.pdf.
FLNRORD. 2017. “Natural Resource Stewardship Monitoring and Assessment Report for the Wet’suwet’en Hereditary Territory.” https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/forestry/integrated-monitoring/nrsmonitoringandassessmentreport-wetsuweten.pdf.
———. 2019. “Freshwater Fishing Regulations Synopsis.” Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development (FLNRORD). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/sports-recreation-arts-and-culture/outdoor-recreation/fishing-and-hunting/freshwater-fishing/region_6_skeena.pdf.
———. 2020a. “Digital Road Atlas (DRA) - Master Partially-Attributed Roads - Data Catalogue.” 2020. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/digital-road-atlas-dra-master-partially-attributed-roads.
———. 2020b. “Forest Tenure Road Section Lines - Data Catalogue.” 2020. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/forest-tenure-road-section-lines.
Gaboury, M. N., and J. J. Smith. 2016. “Development Of Aquatic Restoration Designs And On-Farm Cattle Management Improvements Within the Wet’suwet’en First Nation Territory.” Prepared by: Wet’’’suwet”en First Nation.
“Gitxsan Huwilp Government.” 2021. 2021. http://gitxsan.ca/.
Gottesfeld, Allen, Ken Rabnett, and Peter Hall. 2002. “Conserving Skeena Fish Populations and Their Habitat - Skeena Stage I Watershed-Based Fish Sustainability Plan.” Skeena Fisheries Commission. https://www.psf.ca/sites/default/files/Skeena%20WFSP%2012%20%28low%20res%29.pdf.
Gottesfeld, A, and K Rabnett. 2007. “Skeena Fish Populations and Their Habitat.” Skeena Fisheries Commission.
Hancock, M. J., A. J. Leaney-East, and D. E. Marshall. 1983. “Catalogue of Salmon Streams and Spawning Escapements of Statistical Area 4 (Upper Skeena River).” 394. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences. Vancouver, B.C.: Department of Fisheries and Oceans Enhancement Services Branch. https://www.psf.ca/sites/default/files/15029.pdf.
Hatlevik, S. P. 1985. “A Reconnaissance Survey of Coffin Lake.” https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/documents/r54856/AReconnaissanceSurveyofCoffinLake,1985,00999Bulk_1540249774271_0248447820.pdf.
———. 1992. “Letter of Communications with the Tyhee Lake Protection Society.”
IBM Business Consulting Services. 2006. “Valuation of the Wild Salmon Economy of the Skeena River Watershed.” https://www.psf.ca/sites/default/files/IBM_skeena_report_061.pdf.
ILMB. 2007. “Morice Land and Resource Management Plan.” Ministry of Agriculture and Lands - Integrated Land Management Bureau (ILMB). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/land-use-plans-and-objectives/skeena-region/morice-lrmp/morice_lrmp_july2007.pdf.
IPCC, ed. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [[Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)].
Irvine, A. 2018. “Analysis and Priority Identification Of Existing Fish Passage Data: Bulkley River Watershed,” 114. http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/public/viewReport.do?reportId=56648.
Kemp, P. S., and J. R. O’Hanley. 2010. “Procedures for Evaluating and Prioritising the Removal of Fish Passage Barriers: A Synthesis: EVALUATION OF FISH PASSAGE BARRIERS.” Fisheries Management and Ecology, no–. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00751.x.
Kirsch, J M, Joseph D Buckwalter, and Daniel J Reed. 2014. “Fish Inventory and Anadromous Cataloging in the Susitna River, Matanuska River, and Knik River Basins, 2003 and 2011.” 149.
Mahlum, Shad, David Cote, Yolanda Wiersma, Dan Kehler, and K. Clarke. 2014. “Evaluating the Barrier Assessment Technique Derived from FishXing Software and the Upstream Movement of Brook Trout Through Road Culverts.” Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.825641.
McCarthy, M, and A Fernando. 2015. “2015 Inventory of High Priority Culverted Fish Passage Barriers in the Lower/Middle Skeena, Bulkley, Morice, and Babine River Watersheds.”
MoE. 2011. “Field Assessment for Determining Fish Passage Status of Closed Bottom Structures.” BC Ministry of Environment (MoE). https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/land-based-investment/forests-for-tomorrow/field-assessment-for-determining-fish-passage-status-of-cbs.pdf.
———. 2020a. “Known BC Fish Observations and BC Fish Distributions.” Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy - Knowledge Management. 2020. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/known-bc-fish-observations-and-bc-fish-distributions.
———. 2020b. “Provincial Obstacles to Fish Passage - Data Catalogue.” 2020. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/provincial-obstacles-to-fish-passage.
———. 2020c. “Stream Inventory Sample Sites.” Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy - Knowledge Management. 2020. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/stream-inventory-sample-sites.
———. 2021a. “PSCIS Assessments - Data Catalogue.” Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy - Knowledge Management (MoE). 2021. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/pscis-assessments.
———. 2021b. “PSCIS Habitat Confirmations - Data Catalogue.” Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy - Knowledge Management (MoE). 2021. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/pscis-habitat-confirmations.
———. 2021c. “PSCIS Remediation - Data Catalogue.” Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy - Knowledge Management (MoE). 2021. https://catalogue.data.gov.bc.ca/dataset/pscis-remediation.
NCFDC. 1998. “Mid-Bulkley Detailed Fish Habitat/Riparian/Channel Assessment for Watershed Restoration.” Nadina Community Futures Development Corporation (NCFDC). http://a100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/acat/documents/r8931/Mid-BulkleyDetailedFishHabitatRiparian.ChannelAss_1169052197910_e76ab8bf05ee4953b589da961b220f69.pdf.
Norris, Simon. 2021a. “Smnorris/Fwapg.” https://github.com/smnorris/fwapg.
———. 2021b. “Smnorris/Bcdata.” https://github.com/smnorris/bcdata.
———. 2021c. “Smnorris/Bcfishobs.” https://github.com/smnorris/bcfishobs.
———. 2021d. “Smnorris/Bcfishpass.” https://github.com/smnorris/bcfishpass.
Norris, Simon, and Craig Mount. 2016. “Fish Passage GIS Analysis Version 2.2 – Methodology and Output Data Specifications.” https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/bc-fish-passage-program.
Office of the Wet’suwet’en. 2013. “Wet’suwet’en Title and Rights Regarding Canada Department of Fisheries & Oceans And Pacific Trails Pipeline.” http://www.wetsuweten.com/files/PTP_FHCP_Response_to_DFO-25Nov13-Final.pdf.
“Office of the Wet’suwet’en.” 2021. 2021. http://www.wetsuweten.com/.
Oliver, Allison. 2018. “Analysis of Water Quality Monitoring in the Morice Water Management Area.” http://moricetrust.ca/reports/MWMT%20Water%20Quality%20Analysis.pdf.
Patterson, W. 2010. “Project Completion Abstract Barren Creek, S3 Km. 18.2 Michelle Bay FSR Fish Passage Project.” Allnorth Consultatns Limited. https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/documents/r26164/8102001Abstract_1332460013357_c88dd9f39c24d687b5b3a78f6dd8b0f6a3bd22c19460794ce61663225200de49.pdf.
Pickard, Darcy, Marc Porter, Lars ReeseHansen, Richard Thompson, Derek Tripp, Brian Carson, Peter Tschaplinski, Troy Larden, and Simon Casley. 2014. “Fish Values: Watershed Status Evaluation Protocol. Version 1.0.”
Pickard, Darcy, Lars Reese-Hansen, Don Morgan, Richard Thompson, and Marc Porter. 2023. “Bii Wenii Kwa/Owen Creek Watershed Status Evaluation Report,” March.
Porter, Marc, Simon Casley, Darcy Pickard, Emily Snead, Russell Smith, and Katherine Wieckowski. 2019. “Watershed Status Evaluation Protocol (WSEP): Tier 1 Watershed-Level Fish Values Monitoring Version 3.4.”
Porter, Marc, Darcy Pickard, Katherine Wieckowski, and Katy Bryan. 2008. “Developing Fish Habitat Models for Broad-Scale Forest Planning in the Southern Interior of B.C.” ESSA Technologies Ltd. and B.C. Ministry of the Environment (MOE) for B.C. Forest Science Program. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/FIA/2008/FSP_Y081231.pdf.
QGIS Development Team. 2009. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. http://qgis.osgeo.org.
R Core Team. 2020. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
Rabnett, K., and L. Williams. 2004. “Highway #16 Fish Passage Assessment in Middle Skeena Watershed.” https://data.skeenasalmon.info/lv/dataset/raabnett-williams-2004-middle-skeena-fish-passage-pdf.
Reavie, Euan D, John P Smol, Ian D Sharpe, Lisa A Westenhofer, and Marie Roberts. 2000. “Paleolimnological Analyses of Cultural Eutrophication Patterns in British Columbia Lakes” 78: 16.
Resources Inventory Committee. 2001. “Reconnaissance (1:20 000) Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory: Standards and Procedures. Version 2.0.” Resources Inventory Committee; Prepared by BC Fisheries Information Services Branch. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/natural-resource-stewardship/nr-laws-policy/risc/recce2c.pdf.
Roberge, M, J M B Hume, C K Minns, and T Slaney. 2002. “Life History Characteristics of Freshwater Fishes Occurring in British Columbia and the Yukon, with Major Emphasis on Stream Habitat Characteristics,” 262.
Rosenfeld, Jordan, Marc Porter, and Eric Parkinson. 2000. “Habitat Factors Affecting the Abundance and Distribution of Juvenile Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarki) and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch)” 57: 9.
Rysavy, Shauna, Ian Sharpe, Lisa A Westenhofer, and Eloise Gaudreau. 1999. “Tyhee Lake Management Plan.” BC Environment. https://www.rdbn.bc.ca/application/files/3015/4526/1890/Tyhee-Lake-Draft-LMP.pdf.
Schell, Chris. 2003. “A Brief Overview of Fish, Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Resources in the Morice TSA.” Morice Land and Resource Management Plan. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/ffip/Schell_C2003.pdf.
Shaw, Edward A., Eckart Lange, James D. Shucksmith, and David N. Lerner. 2016. “Importance of Partial Barriers and Temporal Variation in Flow When Modelling Connectivity in Fragmented River Systems.” Ecological Engineering 91: 515–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.030.
Simpson, F. 1986. “Ducks Unlimited Preliminary Development Proposal, Coffin Lake, 1986.” https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/acat/documents/r54857/DucksUnlimitedPreliminaryDevelopmentProposal,Coff_1542766817365_2765305620.pdf.
SKR Consultants Ltd. 2006. “Fish Passage Culvert Inspection Where Yellowhead Highway 16 Crosses Station (Alias Mission) Creek. Contract 356CS0561.”
Slaney, P. A, Daiva O Zaldokas, and Watershed Restoration Program (B.C.). 1997. Fish Habitat Rehabilitation Procedures. Vancouver, B.C.: Watershed Restoration Program. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/FFIP/Slaney_PA1997_A.pdf.
Sloat, Matthew R., Gordon H. Reeves, and Kelly R. Christiansen. 2017. “Stream Network Geomorphology Mediates Predicted Vulnerability of Anadromous Fish Habitat to Hydrologic Change in Southeast Alaska.” Global Change Biology 23 (2): 604–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13466.
Smith, Jason J. 2018. “Assessing Barriers To Fish Passage Within The Wetsuweten First Nation Traditional Territory.” LGL Limited environmental Research associates and Yinka Dene Economic Development Limited Partnership Inc.
Swales, Stephen, and C. Levings. 1989. “Role of Off-Channel Ponds in the Life Cycle of Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus Kisutch ) and Other Juvenile Salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia.” Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences - CAN J FISHERIES AQUAT SCI 46: 232–42. https://doi.org/10.1139/f89-032.
Tamblyn, Gregory C. 2005. “A Plan to Conserve and Protect Morice Watershed Fish Populations,” 78.
Thompson, Richard. 2013. “Assessing Fish Passage at Culverts – the Method, Its Metrics and Preliminary Findings from over 4,000 Assessments.” https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/fish-fish-habitat/fish-passage/assessing_fish_passage_at_culverts.pdf.
Tredger, C. D. 1982. “Upper Bulkley River Reconnaissance with Reference to Juvenile Steelhead Carrying Capacity,” 77.
Wang, Tongli, Andreas Hamann, D. Spittlehouse, and Trevor Murdock. 2012. “ClimateWNA—High-Resolution Spatial Climate Data for Western North America.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 51 (January): 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-043.1.
Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 2009. “Fish Passage Barrier and Surface Water Diversion Screening Assessment and Prioritization Manual.” Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/00061/wdfw00061.pdf.
Westcott, Bob. 2020. “Upper Bulkley River Watershed Temperature Monitoring 2016-19 Data Report.”
Wilson, Tim, and Ken Rabnett. 2007. “Fish Passage Assessment of Highway 16 and CN Rail in the Bulkley Watershed,” 124. https://data.skeenasalmon.info/dataset/fish-passage-assessment-highway-16-cn-rail-bulkley.
Woll, Christine, David Albert, and Diane Whited. 2017. “Salmon Ecological Systems.” The Nature Conservancy.
Xie, Yihui. 2016. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://bookdown.org/yihui/bookdown.